琉璃瓦屋面渗漏原因及防治措施

Leakage Causes and Prevention Measures of Glass Tile Roof

玻璃瓦在我们的日常生活中的应用是非常的普遍的，流光溢彩的琉璃瓦是我国传统的特色瓦之一。在琉璃瓦屋面工程中，由于设计不重视基层的防水处理，或琉璃瓦质量低劣，或施工工艺不当，常导致琉璃瓦屋面渗漏现象，影响其使用功能。

Glass tile is widely used in our daily life. The glazed tile with brilliant color is one of our traditional characteristic tiles. In glazed tile roofing engineering, due to the design does not pay attention to the waterproofing of the base, or poor quality of glazed tile, or inappropriate construction technology, often lead to glazed tile roofing leakage phenomenon, affecting its use function.

在此，小编贴心地为大家搜罗了木檩条、木椽为基层的琉璃瓦屋面防渗漏的施工措施。

Here, Xiaobian carefully collected for you the construction measures of glass tile roof seepage prevention with wooden purlin and rafter as the base.

1、渗漏的原因分析 造成琉璃瓦屋面渗漏，主要有以下三方面的原因。

1. Analysis of the causes of leakage causes glazed tile roof leakage, mainly in the following three aspects.

一般琉璃瓦屋面采用圆木檩条、木椽上铺望瓦，望瓦面上铺刮混合砂浆，最后摊盖琉璃瓦屋面的设计方式。由于木檩条、木椽属于弹性材料，在屋面恒载的长期作用及活荷载（风、雨）的作用下易产生挠曲，弹性变形较大，易造成脆性的砂浆垫层开裂、脱壳和瓦垄松动，最终产生琉璃瓦屋面渗漏。

Generally, the glazed tile roof is designed with purlin, watchpot on rafter, mixed mortar on watchpot, and finally glazed tile roof. Because purlin and rafter belong to elastic material, they are prone to deflection under the long-term action of dead load and the action of live load (wind and rain). The elastic deformation is large, which can easily cause brittle mortar cushion cracking, shelling and tiling ridge loosening, and eventually lead to glazed tile roof leakage.

现在琉璃瓦屋面渗漏瓦生产厂家虽较少，但产品质量参差不齐。因此，瓦的几何尺寸不标准，底瓦的圆弧大，比较平，且有翘曲，雨水会从横向流人基层。另外，施工人员对琉璃瓦的施工工艺不熟悉，基层不经防水处理，瓦头封口的砂浆不密实，使盖瓦面的雨水爬向内侧下滴，引起琉璃瓦屋面渗漏。同时，盖瓦的接头是用后拼装法制作的，易发生位置歪斜，水从接头处向下渗漏。

Now glazed tile roof leakage tile manufacturers are few, but the product quality is uneven. Therefore, the geometric size of tile is not standard, the arc of the bottom tile is large, flat and warped, and the rainwater will flow from the transverse to the base. In addition, the construction workers are not familiar with the construction technology of glazed tile, the base is not waterproof, the mortar of tile head seal is not compact, so that the rainwater on the tile surface climbs to the inside and drips down, causing the glazed tile roof leakage. At the same time, the joint of the cover tile is made by post-assembly method, which is prone to position skew and water leakage from the joint.

2、施工防治措施 铺盖琉璃瓦的工艺流程为：检查基层→试水→分中号垄→排瓦当→做正脊和垂脊→调戗脊→铺边垄→铺底瓦→盖筒瓦→勾抹瓦接缝。施工作业人员必须清楚了解各种脊瓦、吻兽、山面、博风、檐瓦、底瓦、筒瓦等的位置和用途，按规定的工艺铺设，并保证施工质量，才能确保琉璃瓦屋面不渗漏。

2. The technological process of glazed tile covering by construction prevention and control measures is as follows: checking base course, testing water, dividing medium ridge into middle ridge, row tiles, making right ridge and vertical ridge, adjusting ridge, laying edge ridge, laying bottom tile, covering tube tile and hooking tile joint. Construction workers must clearly understand the location and use of various ridge tiles, kissing animals, mountain surface, Bofeng, eaves, bottom tiles, tube tiles, and so on, lay them in accordance with the prescribed technology, and ensure the construction quality in order to ensure that the glazed tile roof does not leak.

1）基层处理： 基层施工质量好坏直接关系到琉璃瓦屋面防渗漏效果。基层面扫刷干净后抹25 mm厚1：2.5水泥砂浆找平层，中间夹铺玻璃纤维网格布，压实抹平，并在每间檩条端头设伸缩缝，缝宽20 mm。找平层湿水养护7 d后扫刷干净，表面涂刷基层处理剂，干燥后用柔性密封膏等材料浇灌伸缩缝，再对找平层用聚氨脂材料涂刷，厚度控制在2 mm。在涂膜未凝固前，对其表面撒上中砂l层，拍压1次，冷却后扫除没有粘牢的砂粒。必要时可淋水或在下雨后对基层面检查排水，确保基层排水畅通、无凹坑和无渗漏，不得有酥松、起皮等现象。

1) Base treatment: The quality of base construction is directly related to the anti-seepage effect of glazed tile roof. After cleaning the base surface, apply 25 mm thick 1:2.5 cement mortar leveling layer, lay glass fiber mesh cloth in the middle, compact and smooth, and set expansion joints at the end of each purlin,songshuib.75ix.com tuozhan.75ix.comyuesaot.75ix.com chuguit.75ix.com shuichulit.75ix.comtuinat.75ix.com the width of the seam is 20 mm. After 7 days of wet water curing, the leveling layer is swept clean, and the surface is coated with base treatment agent. After drying, the expansion joint is irrigated with flexible sealing paste and other materials. Then the leveling layer is coated with polyurethane material. The thickness is controlled to 2 mm. Before the film is not solidified, sprinkle middle sand layer on its surface, beat it once, and then clean up the non-sticky sand particles after cooling. When necessary, the grass-roots surface can be inspected for drainage by sprinkling or after raining to ensure smooth drainage, no pits and no leakage, no loosening and peeling.

2）分中号垄： 测量檐口长度的中点和屋脊长度的中点，从屋脊中拉线到檐口中弹出横向中线，为中垄底瓦的中线。根据瓦的大小，从中垄向两端之间赶排瓦当，底瓦瓦垄为单数。因琉璃瓦不宜砍截，排好的瓦当要认真复核，防止差错，并将各垄盖瓦的中点用红笔画到屋脊的扎肩灰脊上。

2) Medium ridge: measure the midpoint of the eaves length and the midpoint of the roof length, and eject the transverse midline from the midline of the roof to the eaves, which is the midline of the bottom tile of the middle ridge. According to the size of tile, the tiles are driven from the middle ridge to the two ends, and the tiles are single. Because glazed tiles are not suitable for cutting, the arranged tiles should be carefully checked to prevent errors, and the midpoint of each ridge tiles should be painted on the shoulder-tied ridge of the roof with red brush.

3）调正脊： 根据排好瓦当的位置砌好各垄的底瓦，砌正吻座，并画好垂脊当沟。垂脊要卡住兽座，安装正吻，吻中要用吻锯，中间灌足灰浆；背兽套在横插的防锈铁钎上，铁钎应与兽桩十字相交绑牢，然后拉通线铺砌正脊瓦件。正脊是屋面的主要部位，各项尺寸都要准确。在划好的中垄线上放第一块正中脊瓦，再向两端铺盖脊瓦。脊瓦为单数，车脊瓦端头中穿通长钢筋连接起来，两端固定。脊瓦、瓦件、正吻等色泽要一致。

3) Ridge alignment: according to the position of the tiles arranged, the bottom tiles of each ridge are laid, the kiss base is laid, and the vertical ridges are painted as ditches. The vertical ridge should be stuck in the seats of the mammals. The kiss saw should be used in the kiss, and the mortar should be filled in the middle. The back animal should be covered with the rust-proof iron braze, which should be tied to the cross of the stake, and then the straight ridge tile should be laid with a pull-through line. Ridge is the main part of the roof, and all sizes should be accurate. Place the first middle ridge tile on the delimited ridge line, and then cover the ridge tile at both ends. The ridge tiles are single, and the ends of the ridge tiles are connected by long reinforcing bars and fixed at both ends. Ridge tiles, tiles, kisses and other colors should be the same.

4）调垂脊： 垂脊分兽前和兽后两部分，兽前占坡长的1／3。垂兽放在分界处，安装翘角撺头，挑出的尺寸必须按规定。翘角之上放方眼勾头，勾孔中钉铁钎，安放仙人之后装小兽c小兽的数目按设计规定，一般顺序为龙、凤、狮子、天马、海马、狻猊等l0件。

4) Vertical ridge: Vertical ridge is divided into anterior and posterior parts, and anterior part accounts for 1/3 of the slope length. The vertical beast is placed at the demarcation point, and the warping horn hairpin is installed. The size of the selected beast must be in accordance with the regulations. The number of small beasts C after immortals is set according to the design regulations. The general order is l0 pieces of dragon, phoenix, lion, horse, hippocampus, orangutan and so on.

5）调戗脊： 戗脊位于歇山屋面的四角，其做法和垂脊基本相同，不同的是戗脊的斜当沟、压当条必须与垂脊交圈。戗脊与垂脊交接处要严实，防止出现裂缝。各脊的线条要柔和、匀称，轴线和垂直度的偏差均不大于5 mm。

5) Modify the ridge: The ridge is located at the four corners of Xieshan roof, which is basically the same as the vertical ridge. The difference is that the oblique ridge and the pressing strip of the ridge must intersect with the vertical ridge. Ridge and vertical ridge junction should be strict to prevent cracks. The lines of each ridge should be gentle and symmetrical, and the deviation of axis and perpendicularity should not be greater than 5 mm.

6）铺边垄： 在坡面的两边垄铺一块割角的滴水瓦和底瓦、盖瓦，两端边垄的弧度要一致，要平行。

6) Edge ridge: On both sides of the slope, a cut-angle drip tile, bottom tile and cover tile should be laid on the ridge. The radian of the ridge at both ends should be the same, and the ridge should be parallel.

边垄的弧曲线是整个坡瓦面的标准，其质量的优劣会直接影响全部屋面质量的优劣。

The arc curve of edge ridge is the standard of the whole slope tile surface, and its quality will directly affect the quality of the whole roof.

7）冲垄： 将线拉在两端边垄的盖瓦背上，靠正脊拉一道齐头线，中腰拉一道楞线，檐口拉一条檐线，作为整个盖瓦的高度标准，铺砌檐头滴水底瓦和花檐盖瓦。盖瓦和线齐平，凹凸偏差不大于4 mm，盖瓦下面要放一块遮心瓦。用钉子从盖瓦头上的孔中钉牢，是防止盖瓦下滑的措施，钉上用麻刀灰塞严，再盖上顶帽。

7) Ridge flushing: Pull the line on the back of the cover tiles on both sides of the ridge, pull an alignment line on the right ridge, pull a corrugated line on the middle waist, and pull an eaves line at the eaves, as the height standard of the whole cover tiles, lay the eaves dripping bottom tiles and flower eaves cover tiles. Cover tile and line are flat, the deviation between concave and convex is not more than 4 mm, and a cover tile should be placed under the cover tile. It is a measure to prevent the cover tile from sliding down by nailing through the holes in the head of the cover tile. The cover is tightly stuffed with flax knife ash and then capped.

8）铺底瓦： 根据排好的檐口瓦当和画在脊上的红线拉直线，凡

8) Bottom tile: Draw a straight line according to the row of eaves tile and the red line drawn on the ridge.